Selim III (1761-1808) Sultan 1789-1807, from A Series of Portraits of the Emperors of Turkey, 1808

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Selim III (1761-1808) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807, a period marked by significant internal reform and external conflict. Born on December 24, 1761, in Constantinople, Selim was the son of Sultan Mustafa III and Mihrişah Sultan. Ascending to the throne during a time of military and administrative decline, Selim III is best remembered for his ambitious attempts to modernize the Ottoman state through a series of reforms known as the Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order).

Selim III's reign was characterized by his efforts to rejuvenate the Ottoman military and bureaucracy. Recognizing the need for modernization to compete with European powers, he introduced Western-style military training, established new military units, and sought to centralize administrative functions. His reforms extended to the economy, aiming to stabilize the empire's finances and improve tax collection. Despite his progressive vision, Selim faced considerable resistance from traditionalist factions within the empire, including the Janissaries, who saw his reforms as a threat to their established privileges.

Externally, Selim III's reign was marked by ongoing conflicts with Russia and Austria, culminating in the Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792) and the subsequent Treaty of Jassy, which resulted in territorial losses for the Ottoman Empire. The Napoleonic Wars also had a significant impact on his reign, as Selim navigated complex alliances and hostilities with France and Britain.

Selim III's efforts to reform the empire ultimately led to his downfall. In 1807, a revolt led by the Janissaries and conservative elements forced him to abdicate in favor of his cousin, Mustafa IV. Selim was imprisoned and later executed on July 28, 1808, following a failed attempt to restore him to the throne by his supporters.

Selim III's legacy is a complex one. While his reforms were largely unsuccessful in the short term, they laid the groundwork for future modernization efforts in the Ottoman Empire. His reign is often seen as a precursor to the more extensive Tanzimat reforms of the mid-19th century. Selim III was also a patron of the arts and a composer of classical Turkish music, reflecting his broader cultural interests and contributions to Ottoman society.

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